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4. Murder, violence and conflict.
In countries recently experiencing conflict, often it is hard to escape the violence, an inevitable effect occurs after a conflict or a low-intensity conflict drag long, starting from violence related to other criminal activities. The official end of an armed conflict does not necessarily translate into an immediate end to all hostilities, and the effort to distinguish violent conflict and violence unrelated to the pulse sudden need to take into account the actual situation in which various types of violence are often indistinguishable and matches.
Am understanding of the nature of deadly violence and crime in post-conflict countries or countries emerging from conflict, it is important to clarify the current challenges that the country faces, as well as enhanced stability for their future. Reducing violence in such a way is essential to address the root of all conflicts, including the prevention of violence sparked by organized crime and the causes of interpersonal violence occurs in places with weak institutional and legal rules are not strict. The act of murder where it may be because violence is connected with other criminal activity, conflicts between individuals or political agenda of social and 3 types given in Chapter 2 of this study. A significant proportion of homicides in the post-conflict somewhat related to the criminal activity that may develop in places where law enforcement mechanisms are weak. Besides crime. Besides the usual crimes, incidence of violence related to organized crime increasingly seems right with a number of countries has experienced conflict, but it is difficult to determine the amount. Research has begun to delve into the relationship between post-conflict recovery and the formation of organized crime and related violence in which criminals have found the adept to exploit an illegal breaches of the legal system. For example, this problem must include changing the opium trade routes to fully exploit the post-conflict areas in West Africa and weakened in the mid-2000s, as well as the exploitation of natural resources and violence associated with many countries in the post-conflict period. The criminal activities, including organized crime transnational capital depleted socioeconomic that should be used for economic development and improved social cohesion, and can lead to violence destabilizing force and can become an armed conflict. The violence between individuals in post-conflict areas that are usually left the remnants of a conflict could easily escalate, especially when the crime is still being processed rampant. Violence can become a face of life, a social criterion of people living in and experiencing armed conflict. For example, disputes between individuals on the ownership of land and resources as pets may become violent in countries where conflict resolution mechanism without violence is weak or nonexistent. In this context, both men and women can be victims of physical violence and sexual, even in the family and in society in general. Violence is often aided by the availability and abundance of guns and other weapons, not to mention the ready use of the old gas reckless youth, vulnerable youth, homeless and unemployed . Many of them were violent conflicts in the former makes hardened and become callous. Violence and development. Although the nature of the crime and conflict are different, both have harmful to the security and development of the country. In fact it is difficult to create a causal relationship such direct ways, but also argued that violence developed in the opposite direction in post-conflict places. According to research by the World Bank, poverty reduction in countries heavily affected by the violence, the lower the average percentage on the year compared to most countries not affected by the violence, and can significantly improve a few years. The "developmental lag" is particularly concentrated in poor countries and affected by conflict because of weak institutions, so they are less likely to attract more investment in developing countries do not suffer affected by conflict. The effects of violence lasts: a literature study has shown that for the country has experienced civil war in 1960, the 14-year average need peace and stability to back to the path of growth before the conflict occurred. There is a certain consensus in the scientific community internationally deadly violence that often stems from situations of poverty, deprivation, inequality and injustice, social discrimination and weak legal system. The pre-charge "global study of homicide in 2011", has demonstrated that the level of violent crime often involves lower higher level of development, as well as a lower level of the income gap. Addressing the root causes of violence and crime, strengthening legislation, legal assistance and legal mechanisms to resolve conflicts is the way to reduce violence and support for the development. In countries are dealing with the remnants of conflict and the dangers associated with the conflict, this is an important step in preventing the resurgence of armed conflict. Murder carries nature and neutralized social value, which is usually associated with the programs related to power, can also dominant in some countries recently experiencing conflict. This is especially true for countries where the cause of the armed conflict that is not resolved in a thorough and the distinction between the deaths related to conflict and deliberate murder is very vague. for example, noted the deaths from intentional homicide may coincide with record civilian casualties caused by the conflict, making it difficult to determine the type of policy and prevention efforts need to be done the criminal justice sector. There are a number of challenges in conducting research on crime and violence in postwar circumstances. For example, there is little or no data base money conflicts of value to those countries mentioned in this chapter, and have the ability to reduce the law enforcement agencies and the judiciary to complete their duties, such as the register of criminal offenses and their statistical reports. The countries analyzed in this chapter have been selected as representative of the activities or peacekeeping mission of the United Nations has launched the official statistics available concerning the situation of crime and violence their respective forces. Moreover, there are different standards of security awareness in countries emerging from conflict, because people can be aware of the level of crime is relatively low compared the period of conflict, thus not reported that they were victims of such crimes. However, information from the survey data, including the perception of security and safety can provide additional detail. In addition, due to a gradual strengthening of the security agencies and the judiciary in the countries analyzed in this chapter, the process of data collection and reporting better over the years led to an increase in the reports of crimes or increase the reporting and stored only in certain areas have access to services. Thus, comparisons between countries and over time comparisons should be made a key. Despite such challenges, the content of this chapter tries to provide insight on how the trend of violence and murder and violent crime in countries that recently experienced conflict. The countries covered in this chapter has undergone various conflicts in the years after the official end of their conflict, but that all struggle with crime and its other capabilities such as are factors in post-war places. In some countries, the challenges of security is not only related to the conflict, but also related to the increase in the level of crime in a few other countries, there was a positive trend in the reduction violence and increase security awareness by the people. However, these countries do not show the same trend. For example, because of their weak institutions, all countries analyzed in this chapter are faced with the challenge of
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